In 1829 James Smithson, a long time deeply respected member of the Royal Society of London, died in Italy.
He had overturned popular scientific opinion, in 1802, by proving that zinc
carbonates were true carbonate minerals, eventually one type of zinc carbonate
was later named smithsonite in his honor.
When he died he had put a most unusual clause into his will, he requested that if his only nephew died without heirs that his entire estate would go to "the United States of
America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian
Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of
knowledge."
The abnormal request gathered notice on both sides of the Atlantic, especially as Smithson had never been to the States.
His nephew died, without children, in 1835 and the on July 1, 1836 the US Congress authorized the acceptance of Smithson's gift.
Most of the next decade was spent deciding how to best honor Smithson's wishes, but eventually Congress agreed.
On August 10, 1846 President Polk signed into law the act which established the Smithsonian Institution.
Today the Smithsonian consists of many museums, galleries, research centers, and a zoo; throughout the US and the world.